EVENTS: Senior Citizen Day (21st August), Senior Citizen Day Celebrations, Aim of Senior Citizen Day Celebrations, Why & When Senior Citizen Day Celeb

When is Senior Citizen Day celebrated?

August 21 is celebrated as the senior citizen day every year.

Aim of the celebration of Senior Citizen Day?

The aim of celebration of senior citizen day is to enhance the approach of the Central and the state governments towards the welfare of the old age pensioners.

How is Senior Citizen Day celebrated?

•There are seminars, organized on the senior citizen day where the policies and various other measures to support the older generation of the country are discussed.
•There are various laws already framed by the welfare associations, to be followed and implemented on time, by the governance to provide the best possible aid to the aged generation of the country.
•There are many senior citizens in our country who are homeless, without income with many physical disabilities and ailments due the age factor.

Governmental measures

•So it is the responsibility of the Government to provide all possible assistance to let them survive the tough world today.
•It is also celebrated to wake up all those younger citizens who have neglected their responsibilities toward their aged parents as well as grand parents.
•Most of the parents are leading lonely lives and nobody is to look after them.
•There are many free camps and health check up booths set up on the senior citizen day to provide free medical checkups and tests.
•Qualified Doctors are available on these camps for limited days to impart free medical advice.

Benefits

•There are many other many other benefits which people are not aware of are declared and stated such as :

• concession in bus fare and railway fare for senior citizens
• the merger of dearness relief in the basic pension
• Besides the other significant measures for the senior Citizens declared by the Central and state Government.

•The government and semi-government pensioners are requested to participate in the Seminars organized for them.
•Most of the states in our country announce and come up with the relieving policies of insurance sector for the aged, discounts in the medications for senior citizens and many others.
•There are many old homes for the refuge of the aged who are left alone and no one is available take care of them.
•Such old homes organize special programs to memorize their days when they were young and to have some amusement on the senior citizen day.
•Some children and grand children come to visit their elders in old homes on the occasion.

EVENTS: National Radio Day (20th August), Evolution in Radio, National Radio Day Celebrations, Why & When National Radio Day Celebrated

When is National Radio Day celebrated?

National Radio Day is observed on August 20th every year to celebrate radio.

Why is National Radio Day celebrated?

National Radio Day is celebrated as a wonderful invention and means of communication.

Radio invention story

The radio was invented long back in 1800s. The final radio instrument was the result and efforts of a number of inventors role played, in creating this important medium.

Benefits of radio

•The number of individual devices and their discoveries were equally important to make the radio a reality.
•These inventions included both broadcast and reception methods and technology.

Evolution in radio

•The radio was basically an advancement or evolution of the telegraph and the telephone. The wireless telegraph finally contributed to its invention.
•The National Radio Day was originated recently in 1990s when some evidences on blogs and radio station websites suggested that this is a newly established holiday.
•Radio station personnel and jockeys in almost all the radio stations began discussion on creating ways to celebrate their own holiday.
•After all Radios have always promoted and informed us of all the bizarre and unique holidays when ever it falls
•There is no finding as if that exactly started the celebration on the day, an individual or a group.

How is National Radio Day celebrated?

•The National Radio Day is celebrated by the easy listening of radio transmission.
•The broadcast, on the National Radio Day is made special by playing the listeners demand from all around the transmission range.
•One can simply tune into the favorite radio stations and also put forward their choices by dialing the given station numbers.
•There are many games, competitions and questionnaires played in between the transmission especially designed for National radio day.
•The winners are distributed various attractive prizes like shopping vouchers, movie tickets, restaurant coupons etc.
•The local radio personalities or radio jockeys are given a little recognition on the National Radio Day. There are many beautifully designed and message conveying E-cards to make each other aware of the National Radio Day or occasion.
•People send wishes of the day to each other by the means of radio on the day.

EVENTS: True Love Forever Day (August 16th), Celebrations of True Love Forever Day, Games & Music for Celebrations of True Love Forever Day

When is True Love Forever Day celebrated?

Every year the True Love Forever Day is celebrated on 16th of August.

Why is True Love Forever Day important?

True Love Forever Day is the right day to express your awaiting, true affection or love for a person.

Ideas for True Love Forever Day

•One can follow all those ideas which can express your emotions to your true love.
•The intensity of the emotion is revealed in the kind of idea chosen to convey the message of love to the most beloved person in your life.
•The trendiest ideas followed on True Love Forever Day include much kind of gifts, greeting cards, beautiful items available to express special feelings etc.
•Besides these, gifts are also self created sometimes like a passionate painting or a fabulous craft work expressing love.
•Most of the youngsters wait for True Love Forever Day to initiate their love story.

How to celebrate the True Love Forever Day

•There are parties thrown on the true love forever day eve.
•The party and its decorations are planned in advance. Party decorations should reflect your idea behind the party.
•On True Love Forever Day party invitations are given packed with excitement like attaching invitation cards with some chocolate or cookies box, flowers, conversation hearts etc.
•The most enjoyable activity in a party is the dance.
•So people enjoy with Sweetheart Dance, ball dance, Twist dance, paper dance, on different music.

Games and music for True Love Forever Day

•There are variety of games played in the party all based on the love themes.
•The love songs are played as well as sung on True Love Forever Day to express love and affection for one’s true love.
•Lovers promise to be there for each other till True Love Forever Day they live in the world.
•There are many popular love songs which are usually included in the celebrations on the True Love Forever Day
•There are all kind of romantic songs.
•These can be classic, ballads to mellow rock songs.
•There are many famous singers who have composed fabulous music and lyrics that prevalent on True Love Forever Day since long.
•One of the best expressions is to give or send flowers on True Love Forever Day.
•It has been prevalent through ages.
•The beauty and delicacy of flowers has the irresistible attraction and power to put across the divine emotion of love.
•Heart is supposed to be the sign of love.
•So there are many outstanding and beautiful gift items with heart representations on them readily are available in the market on the true love forever day.
•Creative stuffed hearts , greeting cards in shape of heart, fun craft ideas using heart, heart shaped jewelry etc are perfect choices for True Love Forever Day.

EVENTS: Independence Day, 15th August in INDIA, Celebrations of 15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day), History of INDIA Independence Day

Why do we celebrate the 15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day)?

”15th August in INDIA” is an auspicious term that reminds the world about The Independence Day in India, which is celebrated to memorialize its independence from the British rule. 1947 was the year of the rebirth of India as a sovereign nation.

How is the 15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day) celebrated?

•15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day) has been declared a national holiday ever since India got independence. It is marked by the celebrations all over the country, flag-hoisting ceremony, parades, national anthems being sung, distribution of sweets.
•15th August in INDIA, The capital of India, Delhi brightens up with colorful parade and harmonious speech delivery of the president and prime minister and other leaders during the celebrations. The National Flag is hoisted at the Red Fort by the prime minister.
•In speech comprises of the achievements of the government so far important agenda and issues that need further development.
•On 15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day) the Prime Minister also pays tribute the freedom fighters of independence.

15th August in INDIA (INDIA Independence Day) Holiday

•15th August in INDIA, in the capital New Delhi most of the Government Offices are decked up with attractive light effects. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs take place in almost all schools, colleges and other institutions of all the state capitals.
•The Flag Hoisting Ceremony is performed by politicians belonging to their constituencies.
•15th August in INDIA, in private organizations the Flag Hoisting is done by a senior officer of the organization. Families and friends invite each other for lunch or dinner, or plan for an outing.
•Housing colonies, cultural centers, clubs and societies organize entertainment programmes and competitions based on the freedom theme.
•There is a popular tradition of flying kites on the Independence Day.
•The sky is swarmed with hundreds of colorful kites. And young as well as adults participate in kite-flying competitions.
•Everyone tries to cut the others kite threads. So that it falls.

When India did got the independence?

•Louis Mountbatten who was the last British Governor-General of India declared the partition of the British Indian Empire into India and Pakistan on 3 June 1947.
•It was under the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947.
•15th August in INDIA, in 1947, India became an independent nation and was marked by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's famous speech.

“At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance..... We end today a period of ill fortune, and India discovers herself again”

Proceedings After INDIA Independence

•Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel decided, Lord Mountbatten to proceed as Governor General of India.
•In 1948 the position was he taken over by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari.
•After holding the seat the primary responsibility was the unification of 565 princely states.
•He followed the policy of “iron fist in a velvet glove” aided by the military force to merge Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Hyderabad state into India. J&K also became a part of India when Pakistan king Maharaja Hari Singh signed the “Instrument of Accession” with India to protect J&K from Pakistan.
•India protected J&K by sending in its armed forces to counteract the Pakistani attack. Later by the intervention of UN cease fire was declared but Pakistan has not withdrawn its military forces till today, from the occupied portion and territory termed as POK (Pakistan Occupied Kashmir).
•Since then it has been a bone of contention between India and Pakistan.

Framing of Constitution

•The constitution was framed and filed on 26 November 1949 by the constituent assembly.
•The Republic India was officially proclaimed on 26 January 1950 and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India, replacing Governor General Rajgopalachari.
•Later sovereign India merged two other territories, Goa and Pondicherry. In 1952, first general elections were conducted.
•The polled in votes were estimated to be 62% and this declared India as the world's largest democratic country in the world.

EVENTS: Civil Rights day (August 12th), Celebrations of Civil Rights Day, Evolution in Civil Rights, Civil Right Movement

What is a civil right?

Civil Rights are the rights and privileges declared under the laws that govern the nation. In America the civil rights are promised in the Constitution and is constituted in the Bill of Rights and other Amendments.

Evolution in Civil rights

• The Liberation Decree freed the slaves in 1865 and the 13th Amendment banned slavery. It is guaranteed that black Americans would enjoy equal rights to which all American citizens are entitled.
• But many black Americans in the South were not allowed to use their civil rights.
• Consequently, the Civil Rights Movement was started in the United States to avail equality for all Americans.
• In 1987, a Presidential Announcement declared August 12 to be celebrated as Civil Rights Day.

Why is Civil Rights Day celebrated?

• Civil Rights Day is memorialized to honor those who fought against inequality to lay the foundation of an America where all Americans' civil rights are protected. The other aim of the day is to emphasize the fortification of our civil rights guaranteed in the Constitution.
• Some people insist that Martin Luther King Day should be observed as Civil Rights Day to honor Dr. King and others martyrs who dedicated their lives for the good of all of us.
• Martin Luther King Jr. Day is a national holiday in United States as it is the birth date of the Preacher Martin Luther King, Jr.
• It is observed every year on January 15 to commemorate an individual person as Martin was the chief founder and follower of the nonviolent civil rights movement.
• The movement effectively protested racial discrimination in federal and state law. But he was assassinated in 1968.
• A federal holiday in King's honor was soon demanded after his assassination.
• Ronald Reagan signed and declared the holiday into law in 1983. The day was first observed in 1986.
• It was formally observed in all 50 states for the first time in 2000.
• On the civil rights day homage is paid to Martin Luther king and to all those who fought for justice and equal opportunity before the law.

What are the reasons that evoked the civil right movement?

• Racial segregation was a part of the law and public services and government amenities such as education were divided into separate and unequal "white" and "Black" domains.
• Disenfranchisement was again followed which should be abolished. When White American Democrats came into power, they made voter registration a complex process.
• Black voters were deliberately not included in the voting lists.
• Consequently, the number of African-Americans favored votes is reduced and they were not elected.
• The Southern states of America constituted laws that disfranchised most African Americans and sometimes even poor White Americans.
• Exploitation was increased including economic subjugation of blacks, Latinos, and Asians, refutation of economic opportunities, and extensive employment favoritism.
• Violence was widespread. Individual, police, organizational, and mass racial violence against blacks became extremely common.

Steps taken to attain civil rights

• All the oppressed racial minorities revolted this regime.
• They denied the partial laws and fought for equality through lawsuits, new organizations, political redress, and labor organizing.
• In 1909, The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded to fight against racial discrimination through legal action, education, and lobbying efforts.
• The major achievement of the association was its legal victory in the Supreme Court decision by the Board of Education in 1954.
• The verdict rejected separate white and colored school systems.
• The condition of blacks in South was worse and comparatively better in most states where they were allowed to vote can educate their children.
• Despite some relief they faced discrimination in housing and jobs from 1910 to1970, African Americans migrated to north and west in very large numbers.
• This huge population movement was collectively known as the Great Migration.
• There are some remarkable legislative achievements during this phase of the Civil Rights Movement.
• The approval of Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed the discrimination in employment practices and public accommodations.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 retained and safeguards voting rights of blacks.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1968 that declared discrimination in the sale or rental of housing as illegal.

The Great Train Robbery, 8th August 1963, How The Great Train Robbery Did, Investigation, Effects After The Great Train Robbery

The Great Train Robbery is the well known and £2.6 million train robbery executed on 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge, Ledburn next to Mentmore in Buckinghamshire, England. The stolen money was not recovered. This was almost certainly the major robbery by value, in British history, until the Securitas depot theft of 2006 in Kent.

Robbery

The Glasgow to London mobile post office (TPO) train was halted by a red signal at Sears Crossing. The indicators had been meddled with, unknown to the driver, with a glove placed above the green light and a six-volt battery powering the red one for the time being. The co-driver David Whitby went to call the signalman only to discover the telephone wires had been cut. When he returned, he was surprised that the cab was in the charge of burglars.

One difficulty the robbers came across was that the diesel train was dissimilar from the local trains, making it hard to work. One of the robbers had spent months assisting railway employees and make acquainted himself with the outline and procedure but it was determined in its place to use an skilled train driver to drive the train from the stopping position at the signals to the bridge after disconnecting the redundant carriages. Though, the train driver was not capable to operate the train and it was rapidly decided that the original driver, Jack Mills, would move the train down the track. The high rated carriage was detached from the others and driven a further half a mile to Bridego Bridge where the robbers' Land Rovers stood in wait. Stan Agate's partaking in the theft was Ronnie Biggs' only job and when it became apparent that they were of no use they were send away to the pending ex-army truck to facilitate loading the mail bags.

A 15-member gang, headed by Bruce Reynolds comprised Biggs, Jimmy Hussey, Charlie Wilson, Roy James, Jimmy White, Tommy Wisbey, Gordon Goody and Buster Edwards, one of whom was an ex-British Army paratrooper, embarked the train and began to drop off the money sacks into waiting vehicles on the street below the overpass. Even though no guns were used, the train driver was smacked on the skull with an iron slab, resulting in a black eye and facial stain. The attacker was one of two members of the gang who was never recognized. Frank Williams claims to have traced the man, but he could not be arrested because of lack of proofs. Mills improved but had regular shock headaches the rest of his life. He died in 1970 from leukemia.

£2,631,784 was theft in used £1, £5 and £10 notes, the equivalent of £40 million (US $80 million) attuned for 2006 price rises.

Investigation and capture

After getting nameless information, police went to Leatherslade Farm near Oakley, Buckinghamshire five days later. There they discovered fingerprints of the robbers - including those on a Monopoly board game, used following the theft but with real money.

The first gang member trapped was Roger Cordrey and his pal who assisted him to hide his split of the stolen money, William Boal. The duo was residing in a borrowed cottage above a florist store in Wimborne Road, Moordown, and Bournemouth. The CID was informed by a widow Ethel Clark, when Boal and Cordey paid rent for a garage, three months' up-front, all in used 10 shilling notes. Their capture was made in Tweedale Road off Castle Lane West.

Thirteen of the fifteen burglars were trapped and caught and were sentenced on 16 April 1964 and jailed.

After Effects of The Great Train Robbery

As a consequence of this robbery, the British Railways rule book was altered. If stopped by a red signal drivers had before been required to get in touch with the signaller by telephone - needing them to depart the driving cab. After the modification, drivers of mail trains were no longer permitted to leave the cab at any red signals and were to at all time keep their cab doors locked. These systems remained in strength until the departure of mail trains in the UK.

EVENTS: Panama Canal – Construction of Panama Canal, Benefits, Facts of Panama Canal

Why was the Panama Canal constructed?

•The Panama Canal is a canal made in the Columbian province of panama to join the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
•The canal has helped the shipping between the two oceans to a large extent as the long and unsafe route through the Drake Passage and Cape Horn at the southernmost tip of South America can be avoided by following Panama Canal.
•The planning of developing a canal near Panama dates back to the early 16th century.
•The initial most attempts to construct a canal began in 1880 but failed and nearly 21,900 workers die during the construction.

Loss during the Panama Canal construction

•The construction of canal was undertaken and completed by the United States.
•The canal was opened in 1914.
•The phase of construction was weighed down by problems including diseases such as malaria and yellow fever and landslides.
•Till the canal was completed approximately 27,500 workers are died in the French and American efforts.

What are the benefits of the Panama Canal?

•Since opening, the canal has been a huge success and paved the way for international naval trade.
•The canal has the capacity to accommodate vessels from small private yachts up to large commercial vessels.
•The largest size of vessel that can be accommodated in the canal is known as Panamax. A cargo ship takes around nine hours to travel through the canal.
•The canal has many artificial lakes and artificial channels, and three sets of locks.
•An additional artificial lake, Alajuela Lake is the reservoir for the canal.

More facts about Panama Canal

•The canal has been opened for 95 years and it continues to be a great success.
•The world shipping and the size of ships have been changed remarkably.
•Since the canal has been constructed it is proved a vital link in world trade. It is carrying more cargo with less overhead costs.
•However, the canal faces a number of problems.

Efficiency of Panama Canal

•The efficiency of canal is improving under Panamanian control.
•Canal Waters Time (CWT) is the average time taken by a vessel to navigate the canal.
•CWT is a key to measure efficiency. The Panama Canal Authority also claims that the rate of accidents in the canal waterways is considerably low.
•Imports from Asia have increased and from the U.S. west coast ports, now passing through the canal to the American east coast.
•The fiscal year of canal runs from October to September.
•There a sharp rise in average ship size and in the numbers of Panamax vessels passing. As a result the total tons carried have increased from 227.9 million PC/UMS tons in fiscal year 1999 to 296.0 million tons in 2006.
•The canal set a new record on March 13, 2006, when 1,070,023 PC/UMS tons shipment passed the waterway.
•The previous traffic record of 1,005,551 PC/UMS tons was set on March 16, 2004.

What are the challenges before Panama Canal?

•The canal is presently handling more vessel traffic than ever estimated.
•In 1934, it was expected that the maximum capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year.
•But the canal traffic in 2005 consisted of 278.8 million tons of shipping.
•The canal would soon be reaching its maximum capacity.
•Another complication is that the number of large ships passing through the canal is increasing which may result in reduction in the number of transits, even if cargo tonnage is increased.
•So, if the canal is required to serve the world shipping, steady steps should be taken to increase its capacity.
•Although the canal has leaded in being a huge success it is facing challenges from other quarters.
•There is a rumor of planning of new canal construction through Colombia, Nicaragua or the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico.
•If built, it will be proficient of accommodating post-Panamax vessels, and two private plans for a railway linking ports on the two coasts.
•A notable problem is lowering of the amount of water in Gatun Lake due to deforestation.
•Huge amount of fresh water from the lake is drained into the sea by the locks every time a ship passes the canal.

IBM Personal Computer, IBM Model, IBM Cassette, IBM PC, IBM 5100, Project Chess, Don Estridge, Larry Potter

The IBM Personal Computer, usually recognized as the IBM PC, is the innovative adaptation and progenitor of the IBM PC attuned hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150 that was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was shaped by a group of engineers and designers under the trend of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.

The phrase "personal computer" was already common in usage before 1981, and was used in the early days of 1972 to distinguish Xerox PARC's Alto. Nevertheless, because of the success of the IBM PC, what had been a standard term became to often particularly signify a microcomputer attuned with IBM's PC products.

Idea of IBM

The first PC was an IBM effort to penetrate into the small computer market then monopolized by the Commodore PET, Atari 8-bit family, Apple II and Tandy Corporation's TRS-80s, and various machines. IBM's first desktop microcomputer was the IBM 5100 launched in 1975, but its cost was sky scraping in contrast to microprocessor based machines.

Adapting a non traditional approach, an unusual group was gathered with approval to avoid normal company limits and get something to market fast. This project was given the code name Project Chess.

The team had twelve people lead by Don Estridge and Chief Scientist Larry Potter. They made the PC in about a year. To get this they initially determined to structure the machine with off-the-shelf parts from a assortment of diverse unique equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and countries. Formerly IBM had produced their own gears. Eventually, they decided on an open structural design so that other producers could design and sell secondary machinery and compatible software. IBM also sold an IBM PC Technical Reference Manual which incorporated a list of the ROM BIOS source code.

The original PC had a edition of Microsoft BASIC —IBM Cassette BASIC— in ROM. The CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) video card could use a typical television set or an RGBI monitor for display; IBM's RGBI monitor was the display model 5153. The other option that offered by IBM was an MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) and the monochrome display unit 5151. It was promising to install both an MDA and a CGA card and use both display units at the same time, if supported by the program being executed. Such as, AutoCAD allowed use of a CGA card for graphics and a separate monochrome board for text menus. A few model 5150 PCs with CGA monitors and a copier port also incorporated the MDA adapter by default, since IBM provided the printer port and MDA port on the same adapter card; it was in reality an MDA/printer port combo card.


The most frequently used storage medium was the floppy disk, though cassette tape was initially predicted by IBM as a low funded substitute. As a result, the IBM 5150 PC was accessible with one or two floppy drives or with no drives or storage media; in the latter case IBM planned that users attach their own existing cassette recorders via the 5150's cassette jack. A hard disk could not be put into the 5150's system unit without reinforcing a stronger power supply, but an "Expansion Unit", also referred as the "IBM 5161 Expansion Chassis" was obtainable, which came with one 10MB hard disk and also permitted the setting up of a second hard disk. The system unit had five extension slots; the extension unit had eight; though, one of the system unit's slots and one of the expansion unit's slots had to be occupied by the Extender Card and Receiver Card, respectively, which were needed to attach the expansion unit to the main system unit and make the expansion unit's other slots on hand, for a total of 11 slots, a
few of which though had to already be engaged by display, disk, and I/O adapters, etc. as none of these were existing on-board with the 5150; the only on-board connectors were the keyboard and cassette ports. The original PC's maximum memory using IBM parts was 256 kB, 64 kB on the main board and three 64 kB extension cards. The processor was an Intel 8088 (early on 1978 version, later were 1978/81/82 versions of Intel chip; second-sourced AMDs were used after 1983) operating at 4.77 MHz (4/3 the typical NTSC color burst frequency of 3.579545 MHz), which could be substituted with a NEC V20 for a minor boost in processing speed. An Intel 8087 co-processor could also be added for hardware floating-point arithmetic. IBM sold it in configurations with 16 kB or 64 kB of RAM pre incorporated using either nine or thirty-six 16-kbit DRAM chips.

Even though the TV-compatible video board, cassette port and FCC Class B guarantee were all intended at turning it into a home computer the original PC proved too costly for the domestic market. At the beginning a PC with 64 kB of RAM and a single 5 1/4 inch floppy drive and monitor sold for US $3,005, while the cheapest configuration ($1,565) that had no floppy drives, only 16KB RAM, and no display units were too unappealing. While the 5150 did not turned to be a top selling home computer, its floppy-based design became a surprisingly big hit with businesses.

Rod Carew (Birthday 1st October), Famous American Baseball Player, Biography of Rod Carew on Career, Personal Life, Achievements of Rod Carew

Rod Carew Birth details

Rod Carew was born on October 1, 1945. Rod Carew was born in the town of Gatún.

Importance

Rod Carew played as a Major League Baseball infielder for the Minnesota Twins and California Angels from 1967 to 1985.

Rod Carew Early Life

•Rod Carew mother was a Panamanian mother and gave him birth on a train.
•The train was racially separated for white and non-whites.
•A white passenger was provided forward cars but like Rod Carew’s mother as she was a while non-white was bound to travel in the rearward cars.
•A Jewish physician who was traveling on the same train, Dr. Rodney Cline assisted in delivering the baby and therefore named him Rodney Cline Carew.
•The Rod Carew’s family moved to the United States when Rod Carew was 14.
•They settled in the Washington Heights section of the borough of Manhattan in New York.
•Rod Carew studied from George Washington High School.

Step to success

•Rod Carew signed an amateur free agent contract with the Minnesota Twins after his graduation. Later Rod Carew joined as a teammate of first baseman Harmon Killebrew.
•In 1967, Rod Carew received the American League's Rookie of the Year award.
•Carew won seven batting titles in all till Rod Carew played. In 1972, Rod Carew played with the American League and led the team in batting and hitting .318 without hitting a single home run.
•In 1977 season Rod Carew hit .388, which was the highest hit since Boston's Ted Williams hit in 1941.
•For his efforts and performance Rod Carew won the American League's Most Valuable Player award. Moreover, Rod Carew and Ty Cobb are the only players to lead both leagues in hitting in three consecutive seasons.
•Rod Carew achieved the same status in 1973, 1974, and 1975.
•Rod Carew stole home 17 times in his career.

Revolutionary step of Rod Carew

•In 1975, Rod Carew moved to first base in to expand his career.
•Rod Carew was disappointed by the racist comments made by team owner Calvin Griffith.
•So Rod Carew decided to leave the team in 1979.
•In 1985, Rod Carew joined a reputed group of ballplayers and played his 3,000th base hit against Minnesota Twins left-hander Frank Viola.
•After the 1985 season Rod Carew a received no contract offers from other teams.
•It was due to a conspiracy against Rod Carew that baseball owners were not offering and keeping him away from games.
•In 1995, Thomas Roberts ruled that Rod Carew had indeed violated the rules of baseball's second collusion agreement, so Rod Carew had to pay damages approximately $782,036.
•Rod Carew ended his career with 3,053 hits and a batting average of .328 throughout his career.

Rod Carew Achievements

•In 1991, Rod Carew was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.
•Rod Carew was the 22nd player elected to the baseball hall of fame.
•In 1999, Rod Carew was ranked #61 on the list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.
•Rod Carew was also nominated as a finalist for All-Century Team of Major League Baseball. Rod Carew moved to community of Anaheim Hills in California when Rod Carew was playing with the Angels.
•Rod Carew was in California when Rod Carew announced his retirement.
•After his retirement, Rod Carew worked as a hitting coach for the Angels and the Milwaukee Brewers.
•Rod Carew is credited with helping develop young champions like Garret Anderson, Jim Edmonds, and Tim Salmon.

Later Life

•In 2004, National Stadium located in Panama City was renamed "Rod Carew Stadium". In 2005, Carew was given title of the second baseman on the Major League Baseball Latino Legends Team.
•In 2006, Rod Carew joined as the spokesperson for the Solid Contact Baseball Company located in Connecticut.
•It has developed a product known as “GAP Hitter", which simulates fastballs, curveballs and sliders.
•Rod Carew had a daughter, Michelle.
•Unfortunately, Michelle was diagnosed with leukemia.
•Despite lot of efforts, a matching donor for a bone marrow transplant could not be found. Michelle Carew died in 1996 at the age of 18.
•Her statue has been installed in Angel Stadium of Anaheim.
•Carew use to chew tobacco and was a regular user.
•In 1992, a cancerous growth in his mouth was discovered and removed. Prolonged eating of tobacco has heavily damaged his teeth and gums, and Rod Carew has spent around $100,000 in his dental treatment.

Peter Jennings (Birthday 29th July), Famous Canadian-American News Reporter & New Anchor, Biography of Peter Jennings on Career, Awards, Personal Life

Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings, (July 29, 1938 – August 7, 2005) was a Canadian-American reporter and news anchor. A high-school failure, Peter Jennings altered himself into one of American television's most well-known journalists.

Peter Jennings Early Life

Peter Jennings was born 29th July, 1938 in Toronto, Ontario; Peter Jennings and his younger sister Sarah were children of Elizabeth Osborne and Charles Jennings, a famous radio newscaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).

Peter Jennings Career

Peter Jennings was ten years old when Peter Jennings got his first commentator job for Peter's Program, a Saturday morning radio show which exposed the young talent. As a student, Peter Jennings displayed little attention on formal education. Nevertheless, Peter Jennings interests and talent in the region of news would reveal his aptitude and enthusiasm to learn. Peter Jennings began his professional career as a disc jockey and news reporter for a small radio station in Brockville, Ontario, and like many reporters who attain major success his chance to make a name for himself came with breaking news. In this case it was the story of a train wreck Peter covered for the CBC that brought attention. But the story got him a job with CTV, Canada's first private TV network, rather than with the civic announcer. On CTV Peter Jennings was noticed by ABC News' Elmer Lower, who recognized Jennings' good looks and charm as basics that would sell to the American public. Shortly after Jennings joined ABC as an anchor for a 15-minute evening news segment, in 1964.

A year later, in an unparalleled ascend to the top, Peter Jennings, at 27, became the youngest ABC Evening News anchor. Peter Jennings opposition at the time--Walter Cronkite on CBS, the team of Chet Huntley and David Brinkley on NBC--stood as the most convincing anchors of their time. In this competitive environment, Peter Jennings was incapable to break through and creating a strong share for ABC News. In 1968, Peter Jennings left the anchor desk and was sent to Rome to become a overseas correspondent and hone his reporting talents. Peter Jennings was credited with establishing the first American television news bureau in the Middle East and served for 7 years as ABC News Bureau Chief in Beirut, Lebanon. After building a strong status for world-class coverage, Peter Jennings was put back in a main position for A.M. America, the forerunner for Good Morning America, where Peter Jennings delivered five-minute newscasts from Washington.

The practice and contacts in the Middle East compensated off for Peter Jennings. Peter Jennings established a standing as Anwar Sadat's favorite reporter after completing a documentary on the Egyptian president and in 1977, when Egypt and Israel were about to make peace, Peter Jennings s was called to the scene. In 1978 Peter Jennings was the first U.S. reporter to conference the Ayatollah Khomeini, then in expel in Paris. When the Ayatollah came to power in Iran, Peter was the first reporter to be granted an interview and accompanied the Ayatollah on the plane back to Iran.

Shortly after, the first ABC World News Tonight aired on 10 July 1978. There Peter Jennings was to become a star. Peter Jennings span of experience in national and global reporting served him well while Peter Jennings was a reporter for World News Tonight, and in 1983 Peter Jennings was named lead anchor.

During the late 1980s, Peter Jennings anchored several extremely commended programs counting a live series called Capital to Capital, which broadcast relations between Soviet officials and members of the American Congress. News specials on political instability in China, Iran, and the former Soviet Union also won commend. Peter Jennings gifts include a live, via-satellite, town hall meeting between American citizens and Soviet leaders Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. This show, with its question and answer set-up, gave Americans unparalleled revelation to the Soviet leaders.

Even though Peter Jennings’s political reports have won him the most praise at World News Tonight, they do not stand alone. Jennings also anchors Peter Jennnings Reporting. This one-hour, prime-time specials tackled significant subjects facing the nation and the world. Peter Jennings has explored issues varying from abortion, gun-control, and rape to funding for the arts and Ross Perot's presidential campaign. Peter Jennings most fresh activities include a series of news reports for children. In 1994 Peter Jennings served as mediator of a special question and answer broadcast from the White House in which American children inquired President Clinton about matters vital to their lives.

Awards and Achievements for Peter Jennings

For his work, Peter Jennings won quite a lot of Emmy and Overseas Press Club Awards, and the impressive Alfred I duPont Columbia University Award for reporting. In 1989, a Times Mirror poll found Peter Jennings to be the most credible source of news. Peter Jennings was also named "best anchor" in 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1992 by the Washington Journalism Review.

Peter Jennings died of lung cancer on August 7, 2005.

First Electric Light, Humphry Davy, Thomas Alva Edison, Contribution of Edison, Invention of the First electric Light

When and who is the inventor of electric light?

The first electric light was generated in 1800 by Humphry Davy.

Humphry Davy

•Humphry Davy was an English scientist.
•Humphry Davy decided to experiment with electricity and invented an electric battery.
•When Humphry Davy connected wires and a piece of carbon to the invented battery carbon blazed which he called light.
•The produced light is called an electric arc.
•In 1860, a physicist, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan decided to devise a useful long-lasting electric light. He thought that a carbon paper filament illuminates well but blazed up quickly.
•So, in 1878 he created and demonstrated his new electric lamps in Newcastle, England.
•In 1877, Charles Francis Brush created some carbon arcs to illuminate a public square in Cleveland, Ohio.
•In this way, the arcs were started being used on streets, office buildings, and even some stores. Electric lights were only used by a few people at that time.

Thomas Alva Edison

•Thomas Alva Edison was an American scientist and businessman who developed many devices including long lasting light bulb.
•After many experiments different kind of filaments, Thomas Alva Edison returned to a carbon filament. In 1879, Thomas Alva Edison invented a carbon filament that had the capacity to light for forty hours.
•Thomas Alva Edison continued to improve this design and within few months developed an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected to platina contact wires".
•Finally, Thomas Alva Edison and his team were able to invent a carbonized bamboo filament which could produce light for 1,200 hours.
•In 1878, Thomas Alva Edison established the Edison Electric Light Company in New York.
•On December 31, 1879, Thomas Alva Edison made the first open display of his incandescent light bulb in Menlo Park.
•In the demonstration Thomas Alva Edison said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles."

Contribution of Thomas Alva Edison

•In 1880, Thomas Alva Edison patented an electric distribution system, which was essential to capitalize on the invention of the electric lamp.
•On December 17, 1880, Thomas Alva Edison founded the Edison Electric Illuminating Company.
•In 1882, The Company established the first investor-owned electric utility on Pearl Street Station, New York City.
•In 1882, that Thomas Alva Edison started his Pearl Street generating station's electrical power distribution system provided 110 volts direct current (DC).
•In 1882 only Thomas Alva Edison also built the first steam generating power station at Holborn Viaduct in London.
•The DC supply system of the station provided use to supply light to street lamps and several private dwellings.
•In 1883, the first standardized incandescent electric lighting system provided electric supply in New Jersey

Jesse Owens (Birthday 12th September), Famous American Athletic, Biography of Jesse Owens on career, Achievements, Jesse Owens Personal Life

Jesse Owens (1913-1980), was an American athletics star. Jesse Owens show during the mid-1930's in university and in the Olympic Games made him one of the most celebrated athletes in sports history. Being an American track-and-field sportsperson, Jesse Owens set a world record in the running broad jump often referred as long jump that stood for 25 years and also won four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. Jesse Owens four Olympic victories were a blow to Adolph Hitler's purpose to use the Games to display Aryan dominance.

Jesse Owens Early Days

James Cleveland Owens was born in Lawrence County, Alabama, in the Oakville community, to Henry and Emma Owens. When Jesse Owens was nine, his father moved to the Glenville sector of Cleveland, Ohio. Owens was the grandson of a slave and the son of a sharecropper. Jesse Owens was given the name Jesse by a teacher in Cleveland who did not comprehend his country accent when the little child said Jesse Owens was called J.C.

As a scholar in a Cleveland, Ohio, high school, Jesse Owens won three events at the 1933 National Interscholastic Championships in Chicago. In one day, May 25, 1935, while competing for Ohio State University (Columbus) in a Western (later Big Ten) Conference track-and-field meet at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), Jesse Owens shared the world record for the 100-yard dash (9.4 sec) and broke the world records for the 220-yard dash (20.3 sec), the 220-yard low hurdles (22.6 sec), and the long jump (8.13 meters [26.67 feet]).

Jesse Owens at Berlin Olympics

Jesse Owens's performance at the 1936 Berlin Olympics has become prodigy, both for his brilliant gold-medal hard work in the 100-metre run (10.3 sec, an Olympic record), the 200-metre run (20.7 sec, a world record), the long jump (8.06 meters [26.4 feet]), and the 4 100-metre relay (39.8 sec) and for proceedings away from the track. One popular account that took place from Jesse Owens's triumph was that of the “ignorance,” the view that Hitler declined to shake hands with Owens because Jesse Owens was an African American. In truth, by the second day of competition, when Jesse Owens won the 100-metre final, Hitler had determined to no longer openly praise any of the athletes. The previous day the International Olympic Committee president, angry that Hitler had publicly congratulated only a few German and Finnish winners before departing the stadium after the German contestants were eliminated from the day's final event, persisted that the German chancellor congratulate all or none of the winners. Uninformed of
the situation, American papers reported the “snub,” and the myth grew over the years.

In spite of the politically charged feeling of the Berlin Games, Owens was acclaimed by the German public, and it was German long jumper Carl Ludwig (“Luz”) Long who gave support to Owens through a bad start in the long jump competition. Jesse Owens was worried to learn that what Jesse Owens had thought was a practice jump had been added up as his first attempt. Unsettled, Jesse Owens foot-faulted the second shot. Before Owens's last jump, long recommended that the American place a towel in front of the take-off board. Leaping from that point, Jesse Owens eligible for the finals, ultimately defeated Long (later his close friend) for the gold.

For a time, Jesse Owens held alone or shared the world records for all sprint distances accepted by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF; later International Association of Athletics Federations). Owens set seven world records all through his career.

Jesse Owens Retirement

After retiring from competitive track, Jesse Owens was occupied in boys' supervision activities, made friendliness visits to India and East Asia for the U.S. Department of State, served as secretary of the Illinois State Athletic Commission, and worked in civic relationships.

Jesse Owens was introduced to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1970. Jesse Owens was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976 by Gerald Ford and (posthumously) the Congressional Gold Medal by George H. W. Bush on March 28, 1990. In 1984, a road in Berlin was renamed for him, and the Jesse Owens Realschule (a secondary school) is in Berlin-Lichtenberg. Jesse Owens hometown in Oakville devoted a park in his honor in 1996, at the same time the Olympic Torch came through the society, 60 years subsequent to his Olympic victory. The Ohio State University dedicated The Jesse Owens Memorial Stadium for track and field events, in 2001.

A pack-a-day smoker for 35 years, Jesse Owens died of lung cancer at age 66 in Tucson, Arizona in 1980. Jesse Owens is buried in Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.

Jesse Owens Personal Life and Family

Jesse Owens and Minnie Ruth Solomon met at Fairmount Junior High School in Cleveland when Jesse Owens was 15-years-old and Ruth was 13-years-old. They dated progressively all the way through high school and Ruth gave birth to their first baby daughter, Gloria, in 1932. They were wedded in 1935 and had two more daughters: Marlene, born in 1937, and Beverly, born in 1940.

Hiroshima, Atomic Bomb, History of Hiroshima, Attack on Hiroshima, Conditions at Hiroshima

Hiroshima with a population of almost 1,044,129 people is the Japanese city on which the first atomic bomb used in warfare was dropped. It is situated on islands created by a river delta on the north shore of the Inland Sea, in western Honshu.

Hiroshima History

Hiroshima was at first a fishing village, but urbanized radically between 1600 and 1868 as a castle town of the Asano family. By the late 1600's, Hiroshima had become one of Japan's largest cities. Hiroshima served up as a bench of local government, and as a trade centre and a port of internal navigation. Its affluence and inhabitants increased in the late 1800's and early 1900's with its industrialized growth. By World War II, Hiroshima was an central military hub.

Attack on Hiroshima

Japan’s Attack on Pearl Harbour

The attack on Pearl Harbor or Hawaii Operation as it was named by the Imperial General Headquarters was a surprise attack on the United States' marine base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese navy, on the daybreak of Sunday, December 7, 1941, resulting in the United States becoming caught up in World War II. It was intended as a defensive action to remove the U.S. Pacific Fleet as a cause in the war Japan was about to wage against Britain, the Netherlands, and the United States. Two airborne attack waves, counting 353 aircraft, started on from six Japanese aircraft carriers.

The assault ruined two U.S. Navy battleships, one minelayer, and two destroyers beyond revamp, and destroyed 188 aircraft; and human losses were 2,388 killed and 1,178 injured. Damaged warships incorporated three cruisers, a destroyer, and six battleships. Very important fuel storage, shipyard, maintenance, and headquarters facilities were not hit. Japanese losses were minimal, at five midget submarines and 29 aircrafts, with 65 servicemen killed or injured.

The aim of the hit was to protect Imperial Japan's invasion into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies — for their natural capital such as oil and rubber — by neutralizing the U.S. Pacific Fleet.

Attack on Hiroshima

To take revenge from Japan’s attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbour, during World War II, on Aug. 6, 1945, a United States Army plane dropped a single atomic bomb on the centre of the city. Three days later, the Americans dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki. Japan gave up to the Allied forces on Sept. 2, 1945.

Hiroshima was the main target of the first nuclear bombing task on August 6, with Kokura and Nagasaki being substitute targets. August 6 was selected because there had earlier been cloud cover over the target. The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, piloted and lead by 509th Composite Group commander Colonel Paul Tibbets, was launched from North Field airbase on Tinian in the West Pacific, approximately about six hours flight time from Japan. The Enola Gay was escorted by two other B29s, The Great Artiste which carried instrumentation, commanded by Major Charles W. Sweeney, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil piloted by Captain George Marquardt

After departure from Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima where they hovered at 2440 m (8000 ft) and set way for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in apparent visibility at 9855 m (32,000 ft). On the flight, Navy Captain William Parsons had equipped the bomb, which had been left unarmed to reduce the risks during takeoff. His subordinate, 2nd Lt. Morris Jeppson, detached the security devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area

The discharge at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) was monotonous, and the gravity bomb known as "Little Boy", a gun sort of a fission weapon with 60 kg (130 pounds) of uranium-235, took 57 seconds to fall from the aircraft to the predetermined detonation height about 600 meters (1,900 ft) above the city. Due to crosswind, it missed the aim spot, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately 800 feet and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic. It created a blast equivalent to about 13 kilotons of TNT. The radius of whole ruin was about 1.6 km (1 mile), with ensuing fires across 11.4 km² (4.4 square miles). Infrastructure damage was expected at 90 percent of Hiroshima's buildings being either smashed or wholly shattered.

The atomic bomb shattered about 13 square kilometres of the city. Between 70,000 and 100,000 people are estimated to have been killed. More people died later from the effects of atomic radiation.

Hiroshima After the Bomb

Hiroshima was reconstructed after the war. The Peace Memorial Park was built where the bomb exploded. A service is held there each year on the anniversary of the bombing, in memory of the sufferers. The Atomic Bomb Dome, a building left unreconstructed after the war, has become a representation of the peace movement.

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521), Portuguese Sea Captain, Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Voyage Around The World, Ferdinand Magellan Career

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521), was a Portuguese sea captain who led the first voyage that sailed around the world. Ferdinand Magellan journey provided the first constructive evidence that the earth is round. Ferdinand Magellan did not live to complete the voyage, but his creative scheduling and daring control made the whole trip possible. Many scholars consider it the supreme navigational accomplishment in history.

Ferdinand Magellan Early life

Ferdinand Magellan was born in about 1480 in northern Portugal. His name in Portuguese was Fernao de Magalhaes. His parents, who were associates of the decency, died when Ferdinand Magellan was about 10 years old. At the age of 12, Ferdinand Magellan became a page to Queen Leonor at the regal court. Such a place usually served as a means of teaching for sons of the Portuguese nobility.

At the court, Ferdinand Magellan learned about the journey of such explorers as Christopher Columbus of Italy and Vasco da Gama of Portugal. Ferdinand Magellan also learned the basics of navigation. In 1496, Ferdinand Magellan was advanced to the grade of squire and became a clerk in the nautical subdivision. There, Ferdinand Magellan helped fit out ships for trade along the west shore of Africa.

Ferdinand Magellan first went to sea in 1505, when Ferdinand Magellan sailed to India with the armada of Francisco de Almeida, Portugal's first viceroy to that country. In 1506, Ferdinand Magellan went on a trip sent by Almeida to the east seashore of Africa to reinforce Portuguese bases there. The next year, Ferdinand Magellan returned to India, where Ferdinand Magellan contributed in trade and in several naval battles against Turkish fleets.

In 1509, Ferdinand Magellan sailed with a Portuguese fleet to Melaka, a business centre what is now Malaysia. The Malays assaulted the Portuguese who went ashore, and Ferdinand Magellan helped save his friends. In 1511, Ferdinand Magellan took part in a journey that occupied Melaka. After this triumph, a Portuguese fleet cruised farther east to the Spice Islands. Portugal asserted the islands at this time. Ferdinand Magellan's close special friend Francisco Serrao went along on the journey and wrote to Ferdinand Magellan, unfolding the route and the island of Ternate. Serrao's correspondence helped establish in Ferdinand Magellan's mind the site of the Spice Islands, which later became the purpose of his great voyage.

Ferdinand Magellan arrived to Portugal in 1513. Ferdinand Magellan then joined a military expedition to Morocco. On this tour, Ferdinand Magellan suffered a wound that made him limp for the rest of his life.

Voyage around the world

After returning to Portugal from Morocco, Ferdinand Magellan required the support of King Manuel I for a voyage to the Spice Islands. The top maps available had persuaded Magellan that Ferdinand Magellan could reach the Spice Islands by sailing south of South America. Ferdinand Magellan supposed such a route would be shorter than the eastward voyage around the southern tip of Africa and across the Indian Ocean. However, Manuel not liked Ferdinand Magellan and declined to support the anticipated voyage.

In 1517, Magellan went to Spain. There, Ferdinand Magellan presented his offer for visiting the Spice Islands as part of a westward circum navigation of the earth. The subsequent year, Magellan persuaded Charles I of Spain to support such a voyage. The king assured Magellan a fifth of the profits from the voyage to the Spice Islands, plus wages.

On Sept. 20, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set sail from Sanlucar de Barrameda in southern Spain. Magellan directed a total of about 240 men and a fleet of five ships, the Concepcion, San Antonio, Santiago, Trinidad, and Victoria. Discontent among the troops plagued the voyage from the beginning, and antagonism among the Spaniards toward Magellan grew quickly. About a month after the voyage began, the Spanish captain of the San Antonio challenged Magellan's power, and Ferdinand Magellan had the captain under arrest.

The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to the shore of Brazil. The ships then followed the South American coast to the bay where Rio de Janeiro now stands. They stayed there for two weeks and then sailed south in search of a way to the Pacific Ocean. However, the ships could not find a passage earlier than the end of summer in the Southern Hemisphere. Ferdinand Magellan's fleet anchored in late March 1520, for the winter at Puerto San Julian in what is now southern Argentina.

On Oct.18, 1520, Ferdinand Magellan and his crew resumed their voyage. Three days shortly, they exposed the passage to the Pacific--a passage known ever since as the Strait of Ferdinand Magellan. As the fleet navigated through the strait, the crew of the San Antonio mutinied and returned to Spain. The three remaining ships sailed out of the strait and into the ocean, on November 28,

Ferdinand Magellan Death

Ferdinand Magellan and his team went to the Philippines and stayed for quite a few weeks, and close associations developed between them and the islanders. Ferdinand Magellan took individual pride in switching many of the people to Christianity. Regrettably, however, Ferdinand Magellan mixed up himself in enmity among the people. On April 27, 1521, Magellan was slaughtered when Ferdinand Magellan participated in a combat between enemy Filipino groups on the island of Mactan.

Results of the Voyage.

The Portuguese deemed Ferdinand Magellan as a conspirator, and the Spanish destined Ferdinand Magellan after they received reports of his harshness and of his errors in navigation.

Ferdinand Magellan failed to discover a short route to the Spice Islands, but his voyage donated greatly to facts about the earth. In addition, the discovery of the Strait of Ferdinand Magellan led to future European voyages to find out about the vast Pacific.

London Bridge opens, History of London Bridge opens, Architecture of London Bridge, Amusement, Modern London Bridge

Where is London Bridge?

London Bridge is a bridge on the River Thames, between the City of London and Southwark. It is also flanked by Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge.

What does it connect?

The western end of the Pool of London is connected to the bridge.

History of London Bridge

•London Bridge is one of the most famous bridge emplacements in the world. It was the only bridge on the river Thames until Westminster Bridge was constructed in 1750.
•Southwark Cathedral and London Bridge station is on the southern side of the bridge whereas the Monument to the Great Fire of London and Monument tube station is on the northern side.
•The bridge is a part of the A3 road and the Greater London Authority is responsible for the maintenance of the road.
•The bridge also looks after maintained and independent charity overseen by the City of London Corporation.

Architecture of London Bridge

•The old London Bridge had 20 small arches and a drawbridge with a shielding gatehouse at the southern end.
•Contemporary pictures show it crammed full with buildings of up to seven stories in height.

Past of London Bridge

•The constricted arches worked as dam over the river.
•It used to restrict the water flow by freezing in winter because of the slower currents.
•The current was further used to drive water pumps, and to power grain mills.
•This produced difference between the water levels on each as much as six feet. Some bold people attempted pushing a boat between the starlings and many were drowned trying to do so.
•The bridge was about twenty six feet wide.
•The buildings o the street projected another seven feet out over the river.
•Therefore, the space for the commuters was reduced to just twelve feet.
•As a result the pedestrians, horses, carts and wagons all shared the same passage way just six feet wide.
•It was difficult for people to get out of the traffic and enjoy the river glimpse and the shorelines of London.
•By the end of the 18th century, the old London Bridge was getting 600 years old and needed to be replaced
•It was constricted, frail, and blocked river traffic.
•In 1799, a competition of designs for the substitution the old bridge was held.
•It was engineer, Thomas Telford who recommended a bridge with a single iron arch straddling 600 ft. but this design was never used and the bridge was eventually replaced by a structure of five stone arches, designed by engineer John Rennie.
•The new bridge was built 100 feet at a cost of £2,000,000. It was completed by Rennie's son in seven-years starting from 1824 and ending in 1831. In 1831, the old bridge was demolished after the new bridge opened.
•The contractors involved in building the bridge were Jolliffe and Banks of Merstham, Surrey. A portion from the old bridge is laid down into the tower arch of the St Katherines Church, Merstham.

Modern London Bridge

•The latest design of the modern London Bridge was proposed by Mott, Hay and Anderson.
•The senior supervisor was Alan Simpson.
•The structure was designed by Michael Leeming and his team and another team led by Keith Ponting.
•The contractors were John Mowlem and Co.
•It was built in five years from 1967 to 1972. The bridge was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II on 17 March 1973.
•It was approximately of 928 feet or 283 m long.
•The lights were made up of Napoleon’s cannons.
•The bridge was is noticeably less decorated than other
•Thames bridges to make it tougher and long lasting.
•The City Bridge Trust charity donated £4 million in the construction.

Damage on London Bridge

Unfortunately in 1984, the British warship HMS Jupiter had collision with London Bridge causing considerable damage to both ship and bridge.

London Bridge- A Place for amusement

•The modern London Bridge is often part of shoots of films, news and documentaries showing hundreds of people passing by London Bridge Station to the different corners of the city
•A new monument, London Bridge Museum, is planned to open by 2012 in the crypt of the abutment of the bridge in the south.

National Basketball Association Founded (NBA Founded), History of NBA, Merge of NBA, Growth of National Basket Ball Association

National Basketball Association (NBA) - overview

•The National Basketball Association (NBA) the leading professional men's basketball league of North America.
•It comprises of thirty teams from Canada and the USA. NBA is one of the members of USA Basketball (USAB).
•USAB is controlled by the International Basketball Federation which is the National Governing Body for basketball in the United States. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is one major North American professional sports league.
•It also includes the NHL, the NFL, and MLB

History 0f National Basketball Association (NBA)

•The league was founded on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball Association of America in New York.
•In 1949, the league was renamed as National Basketball Association (NBA) after its amalgamation with the competitor National Basketball League.
•The head offices of the league are located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. National Basketball Association (NBA) Entertainment and NBA TV studios are located in Secaucus, New Jersey.
•The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by the possessors of the major ice hockey sports ground in the Northeast and Midwest United States.
•In 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts but the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large stadiums in major cities.
•The quality of play in the BAA was not good as compared to other leagues or among leading independent clubs.

Merge

•On August 3, 1949, the BAA merged with the NBL.
•As a result the National Basketball Association (NBA) extended to almost seventeen franchises.
•In 1950, the National Basketball Association (NBA) again merged to form eleven franchises, and finally in 1954 league reached its smallest size of eight franchises.
•These are active and part of league :

• the Knicks
• Celtics
• Warriors
• Pistons
• Hawks
• Lakers
• Royals/Kings
• Nationals.
  

Growth of National Basketball Association (NBA)

•The American Basketball Association signed a number of skilled players who are stars as it allowed teams to sign college undergraduates.
•The National Basketball Association (NBA) grew rapidly during this period.
•In 1976, there was addition of four ABA franchises to the NBA thus increasing the number of franchises in the league to 22.
•The franchises were the San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers and New York Nets.
•Some of the biggest stars of 1970’s were:

• Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
• Walt Frazier
• Artis Gilmore
• George Gervin
• Dan Issel Rick Barry
• Dave Cowens
• Julius Erving
• Pete Maravich.

•The 1990’s is marked by the entry of Michael Jordan in the league.
•Most of the cities started demanding teams of their own.
•Few cities selected Charlotte Hornets, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic and Minnesota Timberwolves made their National Basketball Association (NBA) debuts.
•Owing to Globalization, National Basketball Association (NBA) star players began coming from different countries.
•In 1996, the National Basketball Association (NBA) also formed a women's league, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

National Basketball Association (NBA) team building

•The National Basketball Association (NBA) was set up in 1946 with total 11 teams.
•Since then there were team expansions, reductions, and relocations and presently the number of teams is 30.
•The 29 teams belong to United States and one is situated in Canada.
•The Boston Celtics is the most winning team and has also won the most recent championship with 17 NBA Finals.
•The next most victorious franchise is the Los Angeles Lakers.
•It has who 14 overall championships.
•Next to Lakers are the Chicago Bulls with six championships.
•All these teams are over an 8-year time during the 1990s.

Current Scenario of National Basketball Association (NBA)

•The current league organization comprises of thirty teams divided into two conferences of three divisions with five teams each.
•The current division is being followed from 2004-05 seasons.

• Boston Celtics
• New Jersey Nets
• New York Knicks
• Philadelphia 76ers
• Chicago Bulls
• Cleveland Cavaliers
• Detroit Pistons
• Indiana Pacers
• Milwaukee Bucks
• Atlanta Hawks
• Charlotte Bobcats
• Miami Heat
• Orlando Magic
• Washington Wizards
• Western Conference
• Denver Nuggets
• Minnesota Timberwolves
• NBA Oklahoma City
• Portland Trail Blazers
• Utah Jazz
• Golden State Warriors
• Los Angeles Clippers
• Los Angeles Lakers Los
• Phoenix Suns
• Sacramento Kings
• Dallas Mavericks Dallas
• Houston Rockets
• Memphis Grizzlies
• New Orleans Hornets
• San Antonio Spurs